Apple Inc. and Wall Street Journal Essay Example for Free

Apple Inc. and Wall Street Journal Essay Apple has set the standard and has built a reputation around the world for creative, consumer-friendly, simple devices that are used around the world. They are marketed in such ways that demand for these gadgets are always in high demand. Apple’s innovations and marketing techniques have changed not only the phones and computers we use but their innovation has challenged people to do business outside of the box. For Apple not only have they gone outside the box, but literally outside of the country for the manufacturing of their products. 10 percent of the Apple IPhone is manufactured in the United States, the other 90 percent of the Apple IPhone is manufactured abroad. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). To make an IPhone requires hundreds of different parts and not all of these parts can be found all in one place. The advanced semiconductors of the phone are made in Germany and Taiwan, the memory pieces, display panels and circuitry are all from Korea and Taiwan, chipsets are from Europe and the rare metals are found from Africa and Asia. After the materials have been acquired they are sent to China mainly Foxconn City where they are manufactured. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). The unscratchable glass screen was perfected by Apple engineers in Kentucky and sent to Foxconn City where they are assembled.(Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). While 90 percent of the parts needed are found elsewhere the software and the marketing of that software in the phone is all American. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). Apple employs 43,000 people in the United States and 20,000 overseas, whereas they contract an additional 700,000 people from everywhere but the United States to engineer, build and assemble their gadgets. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). As Apple grew around the world the demand for their products simultaneously increased. Apple realized that their production was also going to have to grow and grow out of the United States to meet their expanded quota. The solution was outsourcing. Outsourcing has become the frequent thing to do in hundreds of industries including electronics. Almost all of the 70 million iPhones, 30 million iPads and 59 million other products Apple sold last year w ere manufactured overseas. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). When companies decide to outsource Asia always looks to be the best choice among the rest. The workers who are just barely trained are much cheaper, which keeps profits high when labor the main cost of production is kept to a minimum. In Apple’s case this was not their concern, what made Asia the place where Apple contracted Foxconn is  because of the speed of production and the magnitude of people that are trained and hired to work are unthinkable here in the United States. For the needed 208,700 people to work in assembly lines and over see production it has been estimated to take nine months to find that many qualified engineers in United States to work. In China, it took 15 days. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). Apple’s worldwide supply demand manager spoke on the subject and commented â€Å"What U.S. plant can find 3,000 people overnight and convince them to live in dorms?† For Apple to make the switch to Chinese workers from American workers was a critical advan tage in their company. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). Foxconn City was informally named a city because of the amount of people that works are equivalent to city. This facility employs 230,000 most of the workers spend six days a week working, and up to 12 hours of their day at that same plant. Many of the workers there are forced to live in company dorms where they make less than $17 day. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). However, Foxconn can provide companies, like Apple with the scale of people that are needed for efficient production of their gadgets. Since Foxconn has been successful they have opened dozens more of facilities that assemble an estimated 40 percent of the world’s consumer electronics. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). With production exceeding everywhere else in the world the consequence of having unseen high production output is also to have harsh and demanding working conditions for employees. Employees at Foxconn work extreme overtime hours, and live in crowded dorms. The owners of Foxconn and Apple have been criticized for these conditions and that underage workers have helped build these products.(Duhigg Barboza, 2012). They are also criticized for safety concerns of hazardous materials that are not disposed properly that eventually harm uneducated workers. The China Labor Watch (CLW) found â€Å"a variety of dangerous working conditions, as well as unfair calculations of work time, low basic wages that compel acceptance of large amounts of overtime in order to have adequate income on which to live, very high work intensity, and failure to pay for social insurance, work-related injury insurance and other insurance required by law.† (Lubman, 2012). Codes of conduct were set by Apple and the CLW in place to help balance working conditions and employees rights. These policies are frequently inspected but are found to be seriously violated on a daily basis.(Duhigg Barboza, 2012). The criticism and investigations of Foxconn  have led them to improve conditions; they plan on improving conditions by hiring more new workers, eliminating unpaid overtime, improving safety, and to upgrade housing and other amenities. (Gupta Chan, 2012). Foxconn said it was â€Å"going to raise salaries by 16 to 25 percent, and was advertising a basic monthly wage, not including overtime, of 1,800 yuan ($290) in the southern city of Shenzhen, Guangdong province where the monthly minimum wage is 1,500 yuan.† (Duhigg Barboza, 2012). Foxconn also alleged to building new housing where multiple workers do not have to cram into a room, and help their workers enroll in union type of structures. As these promises seem hopeful they have not been yet effective. Chen Yamei, 25, who has works at a Foxconn factory, complained that her salary will drop to just over 2,000 yuan a month ($317) from over 4,000 yuan. (Duhigg Barboza, 2012).Which is the complete opposite of what was promised, and shows that the investigations just highlighted the problems of oversea manufacturing companies that without fixing them. Urbanization normally generates more economically productive work, compared to rural areas. The skills needed to survive in an urban area are different, also getting paid for these skills are an increase to rural pay. ( Areddy, Davis, Page 2012). With more people living in an urban center this naturally causes a demand for new housing and buildings. Therefore, an increase in the urban cities would create more jobs an d better pay for people and this could lead to people less likely to work at companies like Foxconn, and utilize their skills somewhere else with a more competitive pay. The urbanization of China not only will open up more cities and jobs and such, but it will change the way that this generation thinks and works. The new generation of workers is less tolerant of the rigid military management style that was used on their parents and grandparents. ( Mozur, 2012). As jobs grow in China, young workers will pick and choose their jobs. This complicates the situation at Foxconn because the newer generation will challenge the manufacturing company and the government to meet the large expectations that will only continue to grow. The younger workers want to work more independently, employees 24 and under desire jobs where they don’t live paycheck to paycheck and can afford to save money for the future. ( Mozur, 2012). Being independent or an entrepreneur, living in a big city where there are more opportunities, not depending on working at a company like Foxconn where you  are told what to do and where to sleep every day. No I do not think it is proba ble to manufacture IPhones and IPods in the United States. Figuring out space, resources, and labor would cost a fortune even before production. While in China they have warehouses already built to accommodate production, with free samples of products, employees available 24 hours a day and free engineering offered. (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). As a business executive the smart choice for your company would be to move your supply chain to the most efficient place possible. â€Å"The entire supply chain is in China now,† said another former high-ranking Apple executive. â€Å"You need a thousand rubber gaskets? That’s the factory next door. You need a million screws? That factory is a block away. You need that screw made a little bit different? It will take three hours.† (Duhigg Bradsher, 2012). The production that can be done overseas could not be matched here in the United States in the same amount of time, this is why manufacturing in the United States would not benefit Apple as much as it does in China. I don’t believe that companies have an obligation to support American workers. CEOs want to maximize profits, and continue to be competitive around the world, so the most logical thing to maximize profits is lower costs. Labor is a huge cost. The U.S. is a world leader not because Americans are more intelligent than everyone else on earth, but because we have a free market and a free market inspires people to innovate which help American companies to stay a competitive power around the world. It hurts some people’s jobs but for a short term. Globalization needs to happen to thrive, limiting outsourcing inhibits growth, and jobs cannot be made without growth. Acquire new and better skills or perish. Competition needs to continue for growth in jobs, not an entitlement to a job just because you’re American. References: How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher from The New York Times, January 22, 2012, pp. A1 and A22-A23 ( ONLINE version dated January 21, 2012) â€Å"In China, Human Costs are Built Into an iPad† by Charles Duhigg and David Barboza, The New York Times, January 25, 2012 Apple Contractor Ho Hai Says it Hired Underage Workers by Paul Mozur, The Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2012 (also see version printed on October 17, 2012 Foxconn Factory in China Used 14-Year-Old Workers) Working Conditions: The Persistence of Problems in Chinas Factories by Stanley Lubman, The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2012 â€Å"Apple, Foxconn set new standard for Chinese workers† by Poorima Gupta and Edwin Chan Reuters, March 30, 2012 â€Å"China Population Balance Tilts Urban† by Jeremy Page and Bob Davis, The Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2012, p A10 New Labor Attitudes Fed Into China Riot by Paul Mazor, The Wall Street Journal, September 26 (or 27), 2012

Journal Entry for Stephen Crane’s, An Episode of War Essay Example for Free

Journal Entry for Stephen Crane’s, An Episode of War Essay This short piece of American literature is a descriptive prose depicting a scene in the American Civil War. An unnamed lieutenant is wounded at his right arm while resting with the rest of his troops during an active battle. The story enables the readers to take part on the lieutenant’s perceptions on what is happening and how the battle was shaped and he is a participant or a victim of a battle unknown to him. The battle is fierce and tumultuous; it was able to take the innocent lives and anything on its way. All of this thinking happened while the lieutenant passed the line of the battle, while he was in search of the field hospital.  At the hospital, the wounded officer had a brief and unpleasant encounter with a surgeon who is rude and lied to him, saying that his arm will not be amputated. The story was able to envelop the soft and meek side of an army officer in a few lines of dialogue of having his right arm amputated. In the end, the lieutenant went along with the surgeon for a medical procedure but end up losing his arm. The army officer felt ashamed when he got home to his family and showing an empty sleeve. He was a victim of a war that could have been avoided and he will not have to lose his arm.

The Relationships Between Law And Democracy Politics Essay

The Relationships Between Law And Democracy Politics Essay The link between law, democracy, government policy, and employee behavior. Up to date, there is still confusion on the clear understanding of law, democracy, government policy, and human rights and freedoms. When studying the concepts of law and democracy, we can not avoid looking at the rule of law. The rule of law can be defined as a situation where the state involves its citizens in the process of making laws. It also requires that the legislative arm of government be separated from the executive and the judiciary i.e. the principle of separation of powers. Lastly it requires that no one should be above the law. With this opinion, we can conclude that without the rule of law, is not possible to achieve democracy. That it is the core element of a constitutional democracy. In understanding the differences and the relationships between law and democracy requires a wider understanding of law, constitution and democracy. In this paper we study the relationship between law, democracy, g overnment policies and employee behavior. The presence of democracy also influences the nature of government policies to be implemented in consideration of the human rights and freedom. Human rights also affect the labor laws and the behavior of workers. In a democratic state, strong civil society organizations are likely to emerge including the trade Unions to advocate for the workers rights (Resenfield, 2001). The Relationship between democracy and law To establish the relationship between democracy and law, we should understand the meaning of law and democracy. Law is understood to be the means where decisions are arrived at and implemented in a community. And in any community there is a center that makes these laws. In authoritarian or totalitarian regimes, there is often one person who is the centre of power. In most cases it turns out to a dictatorial regime. In a democratic system, members of a particular community are involved in the decision making process and in issues of governance. Therefore in democratic states, we can define law as the way in which the decisions that were arrived at are implemented by the authorities as a policy that represents the interest of the public (L D, n.d). Democracy is defined to be a system where members of a particular society are given the authority to govern themselves. There is always a relationship between law of a given society and the policies governing that society. Pubic policies have to be integrated into for the law for it to be implemented. Therefore law always provides connection between the democracy and constitution making, as it helps in the conversion of a societys norms or values into a form which the government can enforce or implement. Law helps in consolidating and promoting the interest of a particular community. This is achieved by encouraging the accountability of government by advocating for good governance. Through advocating good governance, it helps in fostering of democracy. Members of a community often elect a representative to present their interest and in the law making process. This is referred to a representative democracy (LD, n.d). There has been increased pressure to governments from international bodies and civil societies on the need for democracy in the international law. This was extended to the democracy in the elections in the states that are members or signatories of these organizations. Before joining, these international bodies push countries that are willing to join to form democratic governments. They also help in monitoring of elections among member countries when requested to. Member states are compelled to the protection of human rights, through a political process (Wouters, Meester, Ryngaert, 2004). The relationship between Government policy and Law There is a connection between government polices and Law. Government policies or public policies can only be implemented after being integrated into law. In democratic governments; law is often referred to as the rule of law. In this case, the people are often in involved in the process of decision making and governance. These governments are often held accountable by its citizens. They also hold free and fair elections after a specific period of time for example four or five years. In the rule of law, there is the principle separation of powers among the three arms of government, that is, the judiciary, legislative or parliament and the executive arm of government. This ensures that there is proper checks and balances. In democratic states, government policies are often geared towards enhancing human rights, media freedom and transparency. Most democracies are moving away from secret system of policy making to a more transparent one where its citizens can access any information of t he government from budgeting to national security. This was prompted by the trend of the use of the system of classification to group the information which did not relate to national security to hide some information from the public. This led to corruption and abuse of offices. In an attempt to bring back the public confidence and restore sanity in the government system, policy makers decided to make this information accessible to the public (Aftergood, 2009). Relationship between Employees behavior and law Application of labor laws in a given state is likely to have a direct impact on the workers and employer in that state. In most democratic states, trade unions have been formed to fight for and protect the workers rights. There is also international organization of workers known as ILO under an umbrella body of the UN that fights for the rights of workers. States are often pressurized by the international community to commit themselves to formulating labor laws that meet an international standards set by ILO to protect workers rights against unscrupulous employers. Protecting the rights of workers is of great importance, it can however be a threat to economic growth. Studies have shown that strict labor laws which are protective sometimes hurt the labor market which is against its main intention of protecting its workers. This in the long run can hinder the overall growth of the economy. Firms may resort to other economical strategies of adapting to the labor market requirements like employing few workers or move to places with less restrictive labor laws (Basu, Fields, Debgupta, n.d). Relationship between Democracy and Government Policy Good governance and democracy can propel economic growth rate of a country. Good governance is promoted by accountability from the citizens. With this, states are able to achieve their development goals as it attracts investors to pump in their capital in the economy and these results in to a rise in economic growth rate. It also helps to improve the peoples welfare and widening social and economic opportunities and raising the standards of living of its citizens. Democracy and good governance brings stability in countries even during elections and transition periods (USAID, 2005). Civil society usually participates in making government or public policy through advocating for the interests of particular groups of people they represent. They also contribute a lot in the process of democracy and good governance. They can act as a channel for passing vital information and enlighten the members of the pubic. They also help in promoting effective communication between the government and the public by acting as a link between them. In most cases the keep the government accountable. Civil society always participate in promoting democracy by participating in the democratic process through voting, educating the citizens of their rights. They also help to educe the citizens on the government policies and their importance to them. Sometimes the civil societies usually advocates for rights of the marginalized members of the society. The organizations representing these groups can drum up support for some policies and present to various governments on behalf of their member s. Civil society has also help in advcating environmental conservation especially during this time when there is deep concern on the potential effects of climate change due to global warming. Civil society have helped in drawing the attention of the world on the poverty, diseases and human rights abuses by the governments across the gone(AC, n.d)The benefits that arise when involving the citizens in the process of making policies are strengthening the relationship between the government and the citizens. This results in good governance and formulation of better policies. It helps in building the trust of the public in the system of governance hence promoting democracy and building a stronger civil society that hold government accountable (OECD, 2001). Relationship between workers union and democracy Strong trade democratic unions are often necessary in fight force workers rights. Trade unions also provided checks to the executive by demanding for transparency. They have been of great benefits to the workers by agitating for better terms of contract with the employer. They have also participated in the formulation of policies in collaboration with the governments particularly in the labor sector by demanding for reforms. However democratic workers unions have not gone well with the employers. Employers have tried to interfere with these unions especially during campaigns for representation. They have used various tactics such as; threatening to fire workers or better offers if they joined or participated or quit in the unions activities, threatening business closure, and giving transfers or giving hard jobs to workers who participated in the unions activities. These activities of the employers have interfered with democracy in the trade unions. Therefore the governments and inter national organizations should come up with policies and laws to protect workers from these intimidations from their employers Trade unions have also been used to push for reforms in the government (Mehta Theodore, 2005). Conclusion This paper has show the close link between law, democracy, government policies and employee behavior. In democratic governments, members of the public are involved in the decision making process and issues of governance. Therefore law is the way in which the decisions are made and implemented by the authorities in the interest of the public. Therefore it helps in the consolidation and promotion of the interest of a society. We have also seen the relationship between the government policies and law. Government policies can only be implemented if they are put into law. In democratic governments, citizens are involved in the decision making process and therefore, the citizens are involved in the formulation of government polices. Hence the people have the right to determine the law and policies that govern them. Employees are also affected in one way or the other by law, democracy and government policies. When we have strict labor laws, it scares potential employers away. They may eithe r move to a different location where there are less strict laws or limit the number of work force they employ. This has adverse effects on the economy. Workers unions have also helped in pushing the government reforms and in policy making. Afraid of the trade unions, employers have tried to interfere with the democracy within the trade unions. Therefore we can conclude that law, democracy, government policies and employee behavior are intertwined.

divorce :: essays research papers

I intend to look at all the different aspects of children in what would typicaly be called a disfunctional family. There have been many studies on this fact. It has been shown time and time again that children that do not come from stable environments are far more likely to be delinquents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will refrence several of these studies, such as the studies done in Rochester, Denver and Pittsburgh. This research shows many different ways that emotional family transitions affect childhood behavior. The magnitude of difference between youth with no family transitions and those with many family transitions is amazing. One out of every two marriages today ends in divorce and many divorcing families include children. Parents who are getting a divorce are frequently worried about the effect the divorce will have on their children. During this difficult period, parents may be preoccupied with their own problems, but continue to be the most important people in their children's lives. Children often believe they have caused the conflict between their mother and father. Many children assume the responsibility for bringing their parents back together, sometimes by sacrificing themselves. Vulnerability to both physical and mental illnesses can originate in the traumat ic loss of one or both parents through divorce. With care and attention, however, a family's strengths can be mobilized during a divorce, and children can be helped to deal constructively with the resolution of parental conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will elaborate on how many families can support each other even during these rough transitions. How new partners or parents can get involved and assist the child with the conflict he or she is having. Some kids do not have the opportunity to do certain things because of their families financial situation.

Essays --

According to Mondy, Noe, & Gowan (2005), global dimensions such as variations in cultural practices imply that the success of organizations depend on management’s ability to market and manage in multicultural settings. To a greater extent, organizations that operate only within one country enjoy the benefits of dealing with a relatively homogenous set of cultural, legal, and economic variables. When a company operates multiple businesses in several countries, it is not blessed with such relative uniformity (Mondy, Noe, & Gowan, 2005). Consequently, the human resource management function in multinational companies such as Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is significantly complicated by the need to adapt human resource management procedures and policies to the differences among the various countries in which the organization operates. With respect to the case of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, there are several issues that Kathleen Taylor (President, Worldwide Operations) should focus on so as to create a balance in concepts related to cultural awareness and control mechanisms. These issues include cultural factors, economic factors, labor cost factors, and industrial relations factors. In the case of cultural factors, it is a widely accepted fact that wide-ranging cultural variations in different countries demand corresponding variations in human resource practices among an organization’s foreign subsidiaries. For example, the cultural norms in a country like Japan or other Far East countries and the importance that people place on the patriarchal system has an effect on the typical Japanese worker’s perception of his/her relationship to the employee. Consequently, this has an influence on how that person works. Such cultural diff... ...es of each business unit. The president must have the experience and capacity to manage generational and cultural diversity in the complex global environment. The communication strategy employed by the company should transmit the values, image and objectives of the company as the finest home or destination away from home that meets and exceeds the needs of diverse clients and stress it from time to time. The president should orient the organization to administer a results-driven approach. This approach sets targets for each department and ensures that those goals are achieved through evaluation and control. She should be open-minded to allow views of other departments to form the basis of her decisions. Finally, the president should keep herself abreast with the happenings in the hotel industry and benchmark accordingly through expert advice and continuous learning.

Essay --

Seamus Heaney, the poet with extravagant creativity and strong emotional authority over his poems has designed two effective long poems, 'Digging' and 'Punishment'. While both the poems deal with fairly different issues, they do have some strong mutual connections which make engross readers into the dealings described in the poems. Both topics deal with great emotional holds and a bit of melancholy, 'Punishment' more so than 'Digging'. In the poems, the poet recollects past events and relates them greatly to the present activities. These are to be broadly discussed in the later parts of this piece, how the past has been adhered to the present and how this is affecting recent events. In Seamus Heaney's 'Digging', the speaker admittedly prefers writing to doing work in the garden like his father and grandfather did before him, mainly digging, though he still admires them for what they did. In the poet's latter poem, 'Punishment', the narrator is very melancholic over not being able to do anything about the unbearable cruelty humans convey towards other humans through horrific punishments that have been going on for centuries. One deals with a bit of sadness involving personal attachments while the other poem deals with sadness, but in great deal involving a issue in general. Past events play integral parts in both the poems and help continue to express the ideas intended by the poet. Title is probably the most important aspect of a poem or story other than the author's identity. It's the title that attracts the normal readers to check out a certain poem, considering the reader is not familiar with the author's stand in the world of poetry and writing. 'Digging' is probably the most suitable and logical title of the poem. But is the... ...'s had to receive and by observing those events through his eyes he can feel the sufferings of those women in his mind. Both these phrases are in my opinion the most significant parts of the respective poems, 'Digging' and 'Punishment'. Both the pieces are masterpieces created by Seamus Heaney which deal with the complexities of the social life a certain human may endure. Expertly devised, the poems bestow great insights into the minds of the speakers of the two poems and how past events have greatly mannered their respective lifestyles. Memories are hard to overcome and this fact has been greatly demonstrated in these two poems, and how thinking of the past can modify the mentality of a human being. The emotional impacts of both the poems are immense and very prominent, and we can only commend Seamus Heaney for presenting us with such intelligent pieces of writing. Essay -- Seamus Heaney, the poet with extravagant creativity and strong emotional authority over his poems has designed two effective long poems, 'Digging' and 'Punishment'. While both the poems deal with fairly different issues, they do have some strong mutual connections which make engross readers into the dealings described in the poems. Both topics deal with great emotional holds and a bit of melancholy, 'Punishment' more so than 'Digging'. In the poems, the poet recollects past events and relates them greatly to the present activities. These are to be broadly discussed in the later parts of this piece, how the past has been adhered to the present and how this is affecting recent events. In Seamus Heaney's 'Digging', the speaker admittedly prefers writing to doing work in the garden like his father and grandfather did before him, mainly digging, though he still admires them for what they did. In the poet's latter poem, 'Punishment', the narrator is very melancholic over not being able to do anything about the unbearable cruelty humans convey towards other humans through horrific punishments that have been going on for centuries. One deals with a bit of sadness involving personal attachments while the other poem deals with sadness, but in great deal involving a issue in general. Past events play integral parts in both the poems and help continue to express the ideas intended by the poet. Title is probably the most important aspect of a poem or story other than the author's identity. It's the title that attracts the normal readers to check out a certain poem, considering the reader is not familiar with the author's stand in the world of poetry and writing. 'Digging' is probably the most suitable and logical title of the poem. But is the... ...'s had to receive and by observing those events through his eyes he can feel the sufferings of those women in his mind. Both these phrases are in my opinion the most significant parts of the respective poems, 'Digging' and 'Punishment'. Both the pieces are masterpieces created by Seamus Heaney which deal with the complexities of the social life a certain human may endure. Expertly devised, the poems bestow great insights into the minds of the speakers of the two poems and how past events have greatly mannered their respective lifestyles. Memories are hard to overcome and this fact has been greatly demonstrated in these two poems, and how thinking of the past can modify the mentality of a human being. The emotional impacts of both the poems are immense and very prominent, and we can only commend Seamus Heaney for presenting us with such intelligent pieces of writing.

Archaeology Essays – Archaeological Excavation

Can archeological digging of sites non under immediate menace of development or eroding be justified morally? Explore the pros and cons of research ( as opposed to deliver and salve ) digging and non-destructive archeological research methods utilizing specific illustrations.Many people believe that archeology and archeologists are chiefly concerned with digging – with delving sites. This may be the common public image of archeology, as frequently portrayed on telecasting, although Rahtz ( 1991, 65-86 ) has made clear that archaeologists in fact do many things besides excavate. Drewett ( 1999, 76 ) goes farther, noticing that ‘it must ne'er be assumed that digging is an indispensable portion of any archeological fieldwork’ . Excavation itself is a dearly-won and destructive research tool, destructing the object of its research forever ( Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 100 ) . Of the present twenty-four hours it has been noted that instead than wanting to delve every site t hey know about, the bulk of archeologists work within a preservation moral principle that has grown up in the past few decennaries ( Carmichaelet Al. 2003, 41 ) . Given the displacement to excavation taking topographic point largely in a deliverance or salvage context where the archeology would otherwise face devastation and the inherently destructive nature of digging, it has become appropriate to inquire whether research digging can be morally justified. This essay will seek to reply that inquiry in the affirmatory and besides explore the pros and cons of research digging and non-destructive archeological research methods. If the moral justification of research digging is questionable in comparing to the digging of threatened sites, it would look that what makes deliverance digging morally acceptable is the fact that the site would be lost to human cognition if it was non investigated. It seems clear from this, and seems widely accepted that digging itself is a utile fact-finding technique. Renfrew and Bahn ( 1996, 97 ) suggest that digging ‘retains its cardinal function in fieldwork because it yields the most dependable grounds archeologists are interested in’ . Carmichaelet Al. ( 2003, 32 ) note that ‘excavation is the agencies by which we entree the past’ and that it is the most basic, specifying facet of archeology. As mentioned above, digging is a dearly-won and destructive procedure that destroys the object of its survey. Bearing this in head, it seems that it is possibly the context in which digging is used that has a bearing on whether or non it is morally justifiable. If the archeology is bound to be destroyed through eroding or development so its devastation through digging is vindicated since much informations that would otherwise be lost will be created ( Drewett 1999, 76 ) . If rescue digging is justifiable on the evidences that it prevents entire loss in footings of the possible informations, does this mean that research digging is non morally justifiable because it is non merely ‘making the best usage of archeological sites that must be consumed’ ( Carmichaelet Al. 2003, 34 ) ? Many would differ. Critics of research digging may indicate out that the archeology itself is a finite resource that must be preserved wherever possible for the hereafter. The devastation of archeological grounds through unneeded ( ie non-emergency ) digging denies the chance of research or enjoyment to future coevalss to whom we may owe a tutelary responsibility of attention ( Rahtz 1991, 139 ) . Even during the most responsible diggings where detailed records are made, 100 % recording of a site is non possible, doing any non-essential digging about a willful devastation of grounds. These unfavorable judgments are non entirely valid though, and surely the latter ho lds true during any digging, non merely research diggings, and certainly during a research undertaking there is likely to be more clip available for a full recording attempt than during the statutory entree period of a deliverance undertaking. It is besides debateable whether archeology is a finite resource, since ‘new’ archeology is created all the clip. It seems ineluctable though, that single sites are alone and can endure devastation but although it is more hard and possibly unwanted to deny that we have some duty to continue this archeology for future coevalss, is it non besides the instance that the present coevalss are entitled to do responsible usage of it, if non to destruct it? Research digging, best directed at replying potentially of import research inquiries, can be done on a partial or selective footing, without upseting or destructing a whole site, therefore go forthing countries for later research workers to look into ( Carmichaelet Al. 2003, 41 ) . Furt hermore, this can and should be done in concurrence with non-invasive techniques such as aerial picture taking, land, geophysical and chemical study ( Drewett 1999, 76 ) . Continued research digging besides allows the pattern and development of new techniques, without which such accomplishments would be lost, forestalling future digging technique from being improved. An first-class illustration of the benefits of a combination of research digging and non-destructive archeological techniques is the work that has been done, despite expostulations, at the Anglo-saxon graveyard at Sutton Hoo, in eastern England ( Rahtz 1991 136-47 ; Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 98-99 ) . Excavation originally took topographic point on the site in 1938-39 uncovering many hoarded wealths and the feeling in sand of a wooden ship used for a burial, though the organic structure was non found. The focal point of these runs and those of the sixtiess were traditional in their attack, being concerned with the gap of burial hills, their contents, dating and placing historical connexions such as the individuality of the residents. In the 1980s a new run with different purposes was undertaken, directed by Martin Carver. Rather than get downing and stoping with digging, a regional study was carried out over an country of some 14ha, assisting to put the site in its local context. Electr onic distance measurement was used to make a topographical contour map prior to other work. A grass expert examined the assortment of grass species on-site and identified the places of some 200 holes dug into the site. Other environmental surveies examined beetles, pollen and snails. In add-on, a phosphate study, declarative mood of likely countries of human business, corresponded with consequences of the surface study. Other non-destructive tools were used such as metal sensors, used to map modern trash. A proton gaussmeter, fluxgate gradiometer and dirt electric resistance were all used on a little portion of the site to the E, which was subsequently excavated. Of those techniques, electric resistance proved the most enlightening, uncovering a modern ditch and a dual palisade, every bit good as some other characteristics ( see comparative illustrations in Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 99 ) . Excavation subsequently revealed characteristics that had non been remotely detected. Electric re sistance has since been used on the country of the hills while soil-sounding radio detection and ranging, which penetrates deeper than electric resistance, is being used on the hills themselves. At Sutton Hoo, the techniques of geophysical study are seen to run as a complement to digging, non simply a preliminary nor yet a replacing. By trialling such techniques in concurrence with digging, their effectivity can be gauged and new and more effectual techniques developed. The consequences at Sutton Hoo suggest that research digging and non-destructive methods of archeological research remain morally justifiable. However, merely because such techniques can be applied expeditiously does non intend that digging should be the precedence nor that all sites should be excavated, but such a scenario has ne'er been a likely one due to the usual restraints such as support. Besides, it has been noted above that there is already a tendency towards preservation. Continued research digging at celebrated sites such as Sutton Hoo, as Rahtz notes ( 1991, 140-41 ) , is justified since it serves professedly to develop archeological pattern itself ; the physical remains, or forms in the landscape can be and are restored to their former visual aspect with the fillip of being better understood, more educational and interesting ; such alien and particular sites capture the imaginativeness of the populace and the media and raise the profile of archeology as a whole. There are other sites that could turn out every bit good illustrations of morally justifiable long term research archeology, such as Wharram Percy ( fo r which see Rahtz 1991, 148-57 ) . Progressing from a straightforward digging in 1950, with the purpose of demoing that the earthworks represented mediaeval edifices, the site grew to stand for much more in clip, infinite and complexness. Techniques used expanded from digging to include study techniques and aerial picture taking to put the small town into a local context. In decision, it can be seen that while digging is destructive, there is a morally justifiable topographic point for research archeology and non-destructive archeological techniques: digging should non be reduced merely to deliver fortunes. Research digging undertakings, such as Sutton Hoo, have provided many positive facets to the development of archeology and cognition of the past. While digging should non be undertaken lightly, and non-destructive techniques should be employed in the first topographic point, it is clear that every bit yet they can non replace digging in footings of the sum and types of informations provided. Non-destructive techniques such as environmental sampling and electric resistance study have, provided important complementary informations to that which digging provides and both should be employed. 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